|
Herbert Eugene Ives (July 21, 1882 – November 13, 1953) was a scientist and engineer who headed the development of facsimile and television systems at AT&T in the first half of the twentieth century.〔 He is best known for the 1938 Ives–Stilwell experiment, which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's time dilation., although Ives himself did not accept special relativity, and argued instead for an alternative interpretation of the experimental results.〔Halliday and Resnick, "Physics", p 931, 3rd edition, 1978, John Wiley & Sons〕 == Biography == He was born on July 21, 1882 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Frederic Eugene Ives and Mary Olmstead. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania and the Johns Hopkins University, where he graduated in 1908. He married Mabel Lorenz in the same year and they had three children. He wrote a 1920 book on aerial photography, while an Army reserve officer, in the aviation section.〔Herbert E. Ives, ''Airplane Photography'', Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1920.〕 Ives was also an avid coin collector, and becoming president of the American Numismatic Society. He additionally became president of the Optical Society of America from 1924 to 1925.〔 〕 At the Bell Labs he became its Director of Electro-Optical Research.〔 (Contributors To This Issue ) in ''Bell Labs Quarterly'', April 1932, Vol. 11, p. 78.〕 Like his father Frederic Eugene Ives, Herbert was an expert on color photography. In 1924, he transmitted and reconstructed the first color facsimile, using color separations. In 1927, he demonstrated 185-line long-distance television, transmitting the live video images of then-Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover via AT&T's experimental station 3XN in Whippany, New Jersey, allowing media reporters to both see and communicate with Hoover. By 1930, his two-way television-telephone system (called an ''ikonophone'' —Greek:'' 'image-sound' '') was in regular experimental use.〔D.N. Carson. "The Evolution of Picturephone Service", Bell Laboratories Record, Bell Labs, October 1968, pp.282-291.〕 Bell Labs' large New York City research facility devoted years of research and development through the 1930s, led by Dr. Ives with his team of more than 200 scientists, engineers and technicians. Bell Labs intended to develop videotelephony and television for both telecommunications and broadcast entertainment purposes.〔 (Herbert E. Ives ), BairdTelevision.com website. Retrieved 22 October 2010.〕 Ongoing research into combined audio and video telephones was extended by Bell Labs far past Ives' tenure at a cost of over US$500 million, eventually resulting in the deployment of AT&T's futuristic Picturephone.〔 (Videophone ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', retrieved April 13, 2009 from Encyclopædia Britannica Online;〕 Following the philosophy of Hendrik Lorentz, he attempted to demonstrate the physical reality of relativistic effects by means of logical arguments and experiments. He is best known for conducting the Ives–Stilwell experiment,〔 H.E.Ives, G.R.Stilwell, An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock, ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'', Vol. 28, Iss. 7, pp. 215–226 (1938). 〕 which provided direct confirmation of special relativity's time dilation. However, Ives himself regarded his experiment as a proof of the existence of the ether and hence, as he erroneously suggested, a disproof of the theory of relativity. He was discouraged by the reaction of the scientific community that had interpreted his experiment in the way opposite to his expectations. He then turned to the theory and published a set of articles,〔H.E.Ives, Historical note on the rate of moving atomic clock, ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'', Vol. 37, Iss. 10, pp. 810–813 (1947).〕〔H.E.Ives, The measurement of the velocity of light by signals sent in one direction, ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'', Vol. 38, Iss. 10, 879–884 (1948).〕〔H.E.Ives, Lorentz-type transformations as derived from performable rod and clock operations, ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'', Vol. 39, Iss. 9, pp. 757–761 (1949).〕〔H.E.Ives, Extrapolation from Michelson-Morley experiment, ''Journal of the Optical Society of America'', Vol. 40, Iss. 4, pp. 185–191 (1950).〕 where he described relativistic phenomena in terms of a single system of coordinates, which he mistakenly thought would disprove relativity.〔"Anti-Relativity in Action: The Scientific Activity of Herbert E. Ives between 1937 and 1953", Roberto Lalli, Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 41-104, University of California Press〕 This paradoxical aspect of Ives's work was described by his friend, the noted physicist H. P. Robertson, who contributed the following summary of Ives's attitude toward special relativity in a biography of Ives:
Ives died on November 13, 1953 in Upper Montclair, New Jersey. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Herbert E. Ives」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|